Inflation theory brings together ideas from quantum physics and particle physics to explore the early moments of the universe, following the big bang. According to inflation theory, the universe was created in an unstable energy state, which forced a rapid expansion of the universe in its early moments. One of these problems is the horizon problem. In those simplest inflation models, remember, the big snag is that after inflation even the observable Universe is left like a mass of bubbles, each expanding in its own way. Cosmic inflation is the idea that the very early universe went through a period of accelerated, exponential expansion during the first 10-35 of a second before settling down to the more sedate rate of expansion we are still experiencing, so that all of the observable universe originated in a small (indeed, microscopic) causally-connected region. Assume, for a moment, the Universe is not expanding. We see no sign of this structure, which has led to all the refinements of the basic model. After inflation ended, the universe continued to expand, but at a much slower rate.
The Inflation Theory proposes a period of extremely rapid (exponential) expansion of the universe during its first few moments. Although the expansion of the universe gradually slowed down as the matter in the universe pulled on itself via gravity, about 5 or 6 billion years after the Big Bang, according to … About 4 billion years ago the expansion gradually began to speed up again. It was developed around 1980 to explain several puzzles with the standard Big Bang theory, in which the universe expands relatively gradually throughout its history. The universe has been expanding since the Big Bang, but there's now very strong evidence that the initial expansion had an extremely brief period of extremely rapidly increasing expansion, called inflation. This is believed to be due to dark energy becoming dominant in the universe's large-scale behaviour. According to the theory of inflation, the early Universe expanded exponentially fast for a fraction of a second after the Big Bang. We can conceptualize the Universe only after the Planck time (10^ -43) seconds and not earlier, In Big Bang cosmology, the Planck epoch or Planck era refers to the earliest stage of the Big Bang, before the time passed was equal to the Planck time tP, or approximately 10^−43 seconds. Cosmologists introduced this idea in 1981 to solve several important problems in cosmology. It is still expanding today. Limitations of the Big Bang Theory.
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